Snow Geese nest on the Canadian tundra, usually within a few miles of lakes, rivers, or the coast. They migrate in large flocks along narrow corridors, typically stopping over at the same points year after year.
Snow Geese have recovered from near extinction. Market hunting devastated their numbers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The total number of Snow Geese fell to a few thousand birds. The Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 outlawed the most destructive hunting practices. The preservation of coastal habitat, principally in wildlife refuges, provided wintering havens. Slowly the Snow Geese population began to recover. For example, at Bombay Hook National Wildlife Refuge on the Delmarva Peninsula, a Snow Goose in the 1960s was a big deal. By the mid 1970s, 9,000 Snow Geese were wintering in the refuge. By the late 1990s the number was approaching 200,000. Overall, the Greater Snow Goose (the one which passes through Vermont) now numbers over a half million, while the Lesser Snow Goose (which generally uses the Mississippi flyway) numbers several million.
Good news? Not necessarily. Most biologists give, at best, a mixed answer, and many are very seriously concerned.
Wintering Snow Geese at Forsyth NWR, New Jersey |
Heads dark with mud, Snow Geese feed on marsh vegetation |
But Snow geese are adaptable birds. On the Gulf Coast, marsh land has been converted to rice paddies. The Snow Geese love rice and scarf down the leavings. Then they move on to glean the fields of soybeans, corn, and other crops. Near Bombay Hook on the Delmarva peninsula, they root through the manure from cattle-feed lots in search of undigested corn. But they still favor their traditional food - the underground rhizomes of cordgrass which they root out with great effectiveness. When the Atlantic coast was cloaked with salt marshes, the Snow Geese could spread over a wide area. Now they are concentrated in relatively small areas, with the result that large “eatouts” have converted thousands of acres of salt marsh into mudflats and open water. Habitat for less adaptable species like Clapper Rails and Black Ducks has disappeared. On the flip side, the new mudflats are quickly found by migrating shorebirds which probe the stinking mud for invertebrates on which to fatten up.
The impact of Snow Geese on their wintering grounds is a mixed bad news/good news story. The adaptability of Snow Geese to new food sources provided by modern agriculture has been a good news story as far as their ability to survive winter is concerned. But this has meant an almost uniformly bad news story for the health of the Arctic tundra where they breed.
A Snow Goose comes in for a landing. |
The lowlands of the Hudson Bay are one of the largest wetlands in the world. Over a hundred species, many of them waterfowl and shorebirds, rely on these wetlands for nesting. “The direct loss of nesting cover and food (not only plants but also aquatic invertebrates that once inhabited the hypersaline pools) has knocked the stuffing out of many species. Researchers have seen a drastic decline in the number of formerly abundant birds like Semipalmated Sandpipers and Red-necked Phalaropes; Yellow Rails seem to have disappeared entirely.” (Weidensaul)
Biologists are agreed that the population of Snow Geese must be reduced. But how? Winter hunting rules have been eased, but there are few hunters. They might take a hundred birds out of a flock of tens of thousands. That is not a particularly effective management tool. Plus, the savvy geese quickly learn to avoid the places where hunters are, though once the sun goes down, they may just as quickly return.
The negative impact of the “Snow Goose blizzard” on the winter coastal marshes and summer breeding tundra is so serious, that a few biologists are beginning to consider what has been beyond the range of consideration by conservationists for a hundred years - allowing for the commercial harvesting of Snow Geese. But it is not hard to imagine the kind of political firestorm which that path might create.
Snow Geese darken the late afternoon sky at Dead Creek in Addison, VT |
Birding is not always “Good” or “Bad.” Sometimes it is “Ambiguous.”
very nice
ReplyDeleteVery informative Chris!
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